LINKS AND OTHER MATERIAL RELEVANT TO SPECIFIC PAGES
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Brasier, M., McLoughlin, N., Green, O., David Wacey, 2006. A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361:887-902.
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Examples of convergent and parallel evolution may be found on Wikipedia.
Creationist Geologic Time Scale: an attack strategy for the sciences
Article by Donald Wise (Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster) discussing some of the most glaring weaknesses of creationist geology. [Abbreviated from the introduction:] ‘The framework of creationist earth history can be assembled into a single geologic time scale. Some of the items are so absurd that all but the most dedicated fundamentalists will see the overall picture as scientific nonsense, even bordering on humor. Science needs to take the offensive by challenging creationists to defend their “scientific” view of earth history as represented by this time scale.’
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Lynn Fichter’s site offers, among other things, a good introduction to:
Drury, S.A., 1981. In: D.G. Smith (ed.), The Archaean eon and before, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences.
Hamilton, W.B., 1998. Archean tectonics and magmatism were not products of plate tectonics, Precambrian Research 91:161.
The first steps from sea to land
Hans Steur’s website has many beautiful images, including these of Carboniferous horseshoe crabs.
Anderson, L.I., Moore, R.A., 2004. Bembicosoma re-examined: a xiphosuran from the Silurian of the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94:199-206.
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Devonian Times. A site devoted to explaining various aspects of the Devonian period.
The Rhynie Chert. The Rhynie Chert is of international importance for its preservation of diverse Devonian flora and fauna, and this website provides an excellent summary of what has been found.
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Evidence that trigonotarbids could spin silk and thus ‘evolved’ the apparatus of silk-spinning independently of spiders. Abstract of presentation.
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Clack, J.A., 2005. Getting a leg up on land: recent fossil discoveries cast light on the evolution of four-limbed animals from fish, Scientific American (December).
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The coelacanth is a lobe-finned fish that has changed little since its appearance in the Devonian, and it possesses some unique features. The article mentions: (1) electrosensitive cells that are concentrated in a single organ in its head, (2) an intercranial joint which enables the jaw to open upwards as well as downwards, increasing the suction created when the coelacanth gulps its prey, and (3) a crystal layer behind its retina which enables it to see extremely well in dim light.
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From dinosaur to bird
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Bizzarro, M., et al., 2007. Evidence for a late supernova Injection of 60Fe into the protoplanetary disk, Science 316:1178-81.
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Hsu, W., et al., 2006. A late episode of irradiation in the early solar system: evidence from extinct 36Cl and 26Al in meteorites, The Astrophysical Journal 640:525-29.
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Jewitt, D., Sheppard, S.S., Kleyna, J., 2006. The strangest satellites in the Solar System, Scientific American (Aug) pp 41-47.
Kleine, T. et al., 2005. Early core formation in asteroids and late accretion of chondrite parent bodies: Evidence from 182Hf-182W in CAIs, metal-rich chondrites, and iron meteorites, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69:5805-18.
Kleine, T., Bourdon, B., Irving, A.J., 2009. Hf-W chronology of the angrite parent body: timing of accretion, core formation and magmatism, 40th LPSC, abs. 2403.
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Krot, A., et al,., 2008. Multiple generations of refractory inclusions in the metal-rich carbonaceous chondrites Acfer 182/214 and Isheyevo. The Astrophysical Journal 672:713-21.
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Leroux, H. et al., 2008. Igneous Ca-rich pyroxene in comet 81P/Wild 2, American Mineralogist 93:1933-36.
Libourel, G., Krot, A.N., 2007. Evidence for the presence of planetesimal material among the precursors of magnesian chondrules of nebular origin, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 254:1-8.
Lis, D.C. et al., 2019. Terrestrial deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in water in hyperactive comets. Astronomy & Astrophysics 635, L5.
MacPherson, G.J., et al., 2005. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions: major unanswered questions. In: : A.N. Krot, E.R.D. Scott, B. Reipurth (eds), op. cit. 531:225-50.
Marzari, F., Farinella, P., Davis, D.R., 1999. The origin, aging and death of asteroid families, Icarus 142:63-77.
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Rudraswami, N.G., Goswami, J.N., 2007. 26Al in chondrules from unequilibrated L chondrites: Onset and duration of chondrule formation in the early solar system, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 257:231-44.
Rudraswami, N.G. et al., 2008. 26Al records in chondrules from unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: II. Duration of chondrule formation and parent body thermal metamorphism, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 274:93-102.
Sanders, I., Taylor, J. 2005. Implications of 26Al in nebular dust: formation of chondrules by disruption of molten planetesimals. In: A.N. Krot, E.R.D., Scott, B. Reipurth (eds), op. cit., pp 915-32.
Sanders, I., 2009. CAIs made by giant impact, 40th LPSC, abs. 2275.
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Scott, E.R.D., Sanders, I.S., Goldstein, J.I., Krot, A.N., 2007. Meteorite constraints on the first 5 Myr of planetary growth in the inner solar system, Workshop on Chronology of Meteorites, LPI Contribution No. 1374, p.151-52.
Sears, D.W.G., 2005. The Origin of Chondrules and Chondrites, Cambridge (p 156).
Smith, C.G.A. et al., 2007. An unexpected cooling effect in Saturn’s upper atmosphere, Nature 445:399-401.
Sokol, A.K., et al., 2007. Late accretion and lithification of chondritic parent bodies: Mg isotope studies on fragments from primitive chondrites and chondritic breccias, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42:1291-308.
Taylor, S.R., 2001. Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, Cambridge.
Thrane, K., Bizzarro, M., Baker, J.A., 2006. Extremely brief formation interval for refractory inclusions and uniform distribution of 26Al in the early solar system, The Astrophysical Journal 646:L159-62.
Yang, J., Goldstein, J.I., Scott, E.D.R., 2007. Iron meteorite evidence for early formation and catastrophic disruption of protoplanets, Nature 446:888-91.
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Well-illustrated examples of successions are given by Offwell Woodland and Wildland Trust: a hydrosere, and coastal sand dunes.
Plate tectonics (‘continental drift’)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/planet.pdf . Includes a beautiful map showing the location of today’s plate boundaries, active volcanoes, earthquakes, and impact craters.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/dynamic.pdf. On-line version of the 77-page booklet This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics (1996). The basic concept was first aired as early as 1596, but it was not proposed as a scientific theory until 1912, by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener. Initially resisted, it gained ground as the weight of supporting evidence increased. The most important break-through came in the 1960s with the realisation that continents moved, not by ploughing through the ocean floor, but by new floor being generated at mid-oceanic ridges and being subducted under trenches at the edges of continents back into the mantle.
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Reconstructions of Earth’s changing palaeogeography from the late Precambrian to the present day (Ron Blakey, Northern Arizona University).
http://www.scotese.com/ An informative source of palaeogeographic maps from the late Precambrian to the present day (Christopher Scotese). The site also includes an explanation of the methods used for constructing such maps.
Herzberg, C., Condie, K., Korenaga, J., 2010. Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 292:79-88.
Korenaga, J., 2006. Archean geodynamics and the thermal evolution of Earth. In: K. Benn, J.-C. Mareschal. & K. C. Condie (eds), Archean Geodynamics and Environments, Geophysical Monograph 164, American Geophysical Union, pp 7-32.
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Tackley, P.J., 2000. The quest for self-consistent generation of plate tectonics in mantle convection models. In: M. A. Richards et al (eds), History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, pp 47-72.
The created world no longer exists
Behe, M., 2000. Intelligent design is not creationism, letter to Science 07/07/00.
Carroll, W.E., 2000. Creation, evolution and Thomas Aquinas, Revue des Questions Scientifiques 171:319-47.
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Jupiter’s somposition throws planet-formation theories into disarray
Robert Roy Britt for space.com 17 November 1999
Solar system makeover: wild new theory for building planets
Robert Roy Britt for space.com 9 July 2002
Death spiral: why theorists can’t make solar systems
Ker Than for space.com 28 March 2006
Uranus and Neptune – and the origin of life on Earth
By Leslie Mullen, Astrobiology Magazine
Earth-like planets may be more common than once thought
Science Daily report on the paper by Raymond et al.
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Saumon D., Guillot T., 2004. Shock compression of deuterium and the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn, Astrophysical Journal 609:1170-80.
Steffánson, G. et al., 2023. A Neptune-mass exoplanet in close orbit around a very low-mass star challenges formation models. Science 382:1032–1035.
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Caporale, L., 2004. Genomes don’t play dice, New Scientist issue 2437, pp 42-45.
Freeland, S.J., Knight, R.D., Landweber, L.F., Hurst, L.D., 2000. Early fixation of an optimal genetic code, Molecular Biology and Evolution 17:511-18.
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Konstantinidis, K.T., Tiedje, J.M., 2005. Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes, PNAS 102:2567-72.
Mira, A., Ochman, H., Moran, N.A., 2001. Deletional bias and the evolution of bacterial genomes, Trends in Genetics 17:589-96.
Nilsson, A.I. et al., 2005. Bacterial genome size reduction by experimental evolution, PNAS 102:12112-16.
Nowell, R.W. et al., 2018. Comparative genomics of bdelloid rotifers: Insights from desiccating and nondesiccating species. PLOS Biology, 2018; 16 (4): e2004830.
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Pennisi, E. 2007. Human genetic variation, Science 318:1842-43.
Ranea, J.A., Grant, A., Thornton, J.M., Orengo, C.A., 2005. Microeconomic principles explain an optimal genome size in bacteria, Trends in Genetics 21:21-25.
Shubin, N.H., Dahn, R.D., 2004. Lost and found, Nature 428:703-04.
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Whiting, M.F., Bradler, S., Maxwell, T., 2003. Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects, Nature 421:264-67.
Whiting, M.F., Whiting, A.S., 2004. Is wing recurrence really impossible: a reply to Trueman et al., Systematic Entomology 29:1-3.
Chronos – Cyclostratigraphy (online database and research centre)
International Commission on Stratigraphy
NORGES (network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy).
Useful chronological charts.
Images from The Guide to Calcareous Nannoplankton Taxonomy
Andruleit, H., Rogalla, U., Stäger, S., 2004. From living communities to fossil assemblages: origin and fate of coccolithophores in the northern Arabian Sea, Micropaleontology 50:5-21.
Aubry, M.A., 2005. Approach to paleobiodiversity: Mesozoic calcareous nannoplankton, Micropaleontology 51:265-66.
Broerse, A.T.C., Brummer, G.J.A., van Hinte, J.E., 2000. Coccolithophore export production in response to monsoonal upwelling off Somalia (northwestern Indian Ocean), Deep-Sea Research II 47: 2179-205.
Damholt, T., Surlyk, F., 2004. Laminated-bioturbated cycles in Maastrichtian chalk of the North Sea: oxygenation fluctuations within the Milankovitch frequency band, Sedimentology 51:1323-42.
Ditchfield, P., Marshall, J.D., 1989. Isotopic variation in rhythmically bedded chalks: paleotemperature variation in the Upper Cretaceous, Geology 17:842-45.
Dunbar, R.H., Wellington, G. M., 1981. Stable isotopes in a branching coal monitor seasonal temperature variation, Nature 293:453-55.
Ehrlich, R., 2007. Solar resonant diffusion waves as a driver of terrestrial climate change, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics.
Falcon-Lang, H.J. et al. 2006. The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada, Journal of the Geological Society 163:561-76.
Gale, A.S., Young, J.R., Shackleton, N.J., Crowhurst, S.J., Wray, D.S., 1999. Orbital tuning of Cenomanian marly chalk successions: towards a Milankovitch time-scale for the Late Cretaceous, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond A, 357:1815-30.
Gingras, M.K., Pemberton, S.G., Dashtgard, S., Dafoe, L., 2008. How fast do marine invertebrates burrow? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 270:280-86.
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Hardie, L.A., 1996. Secular variation in seawater chemistry: An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporates over the past 600 m.y., Geology 24:279-83.
Hickson, J.A., Johnson, A. L. A., Heaton, T. H. E., Balson, P. S., 1999. The shell of the Queen Scallop Aequipecten opercularis (L.) as a promising tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction: evidence and reasons for equilibrium stable-isotope incorporation, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154:325-37.
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Tidal beds in the Alps
Couëffé, R., Tessier, B., Gigot, P., Beaudoin, B., 2004. Le temps préservé sous forme de sédiments: résultats semi-quantitatifs obtenus dans la molasse marine miocène du bassin de Digne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Sud-Est de la France). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planètes / Earth and Planetary Sciences 332:5-11.
Couëffé, R., Tessier, B., Gigot, P., Beaudoin, B., 2004. Tidal rhythmites as possible indicators of very rapid subsidence in a foreland basin: an example from the Miocene Marine Molasse Formation of the Digne Foreland Basin, SE France. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74:746-759.
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Tiktaalik roseae – a missing link?
Ahlberg, P.E., Clack, J.A., 2006. A firm step from water to land, Nature 440:747-49.
Clack, J.A., 2006. The emergence of early tetrapods, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232:167-89.
Daeschler, E.B., Shubin, N.H., Jenkins, F.A., 2006. A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan,Nature 440:757-63.
Laurenson, C., 2005. Behaviour of the Monkfish, Lophius piscatorius, recorded using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), North Atlantic Fisheries College, Fisheries Development Note no.15.
Why do sharks expose their dorsal fins?
Aidan Martin describes how an epaulette shark crawled out of the ocean and wrestled with an eel.
Shubin, N.H., Daeschler, E.B., Jenkins, F.A., 2006. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb, Nature 440:764-72.
Carson, D., 1996. “On banishing the lake of fire” in The Gagging of God, Leicester, pp 515-36.
Pinnock, C.H., 1990. The destruction of the finally impenitent, Criswell Theological Review 4:243-59.
Dawkins, R., 2004. The Ancestor’s Tale, London.
Kortschak, R.D., Samuel, G., Saint, R., Miller, D.J., 2003. EST analysis of the cnidarian, Acropora millepora, reveals extensive gene loss and rapid sequence divergence in the model invertebrates, Current Biology 13:2190-95.
Miller, D.J. et al, 2007. The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria – ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss, Genome Biology 8:R59.
Putnam, N.H. et al, 2007. Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization, Science 317:86-94.
Reitzel, A.M., Burton, P.M., Krone, C., Finnerty, J.R., 2007. Comparison of developmental trajectories in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: embryogenesis, regeneration, and two forms of asexual fission, Invertebrate Biology 126:99-112.
Technau, U. et al, 2005. Maintenance of ancestral complexity and non-metazoan genes in two basal cnidarians, Trends in Genetics 21:633-39.
Van Iten, H. et al, 2006. Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of conulariids (?Ediacaran-Triassic) within the subphylum Medusozoa (phylum Cnidaria), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4:109-18.
The tale of Cambrian jellyfish
Bridges, A., Rare trove of fossilized jellyfish found in Wisconsin, The Salina Journal, 5 February 2003.
Cartwright, P., et al, 2007. Exceptionally preserved jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian, Plos ONE 2(10): e1121. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001121.
Hagadorn, J.W., Dott, R. H. & Damrow, D., 2002. Stranded on an Upper Cambrian shoreline: Medusae from Central Wisconsin, Geology 30:147-50.
Hagadorn, J. W., Dott, R.H. & Damrow, D., 2003. Upper Cambrian medusae from Wisconsin, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 35:106.
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Casey, C.W., Pugh, P.R., Haddock, S.H.D., 2005. Molecular genetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization, Systematic Biology 54:916-35.
The primeval tradition of all mankind
Flood stories from around the world
Bar-Yosef, O., 1998. Early colonization and cultural continuities in the Lower Palaeolithic of western Asia. In: M. D. Petraglia & R. Korisettar (eds), Early Human Behaviour in Global Context, London, pp 221-79.
Catlin, G., 1867. O Kee-Pa, a Religious Ceremony: and other Customs of the Mandans, London.
Eliade, M., 1958. Patterns in Comparative Religion, London.
Frazer, J.G., 1923. Folk-lore in the Old Testament, London.
Mbiti, J.S., 1975. Introduction to African Religion, London.
Preuss, K.Th., 1922. Die höchste Gottheit bei den kulturarmen Völkern, Psychologische Forschungen 2:161-208.
Quack, J.F., 1992. Eine Erwähnung des Reiches von Aleppo in den Ächtungstexten?,Göttinger Miszellen 130:75-78.
Riem, J.K.R., 1925. Die Sintflut in Sage und Wissenschaft, Hamburg.
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Schniedewind, W.M., 2004. How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel, Cambridge.
The tradition in ancient Sumer
Dalley, S., 2000. Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford.
Gordon, C.H. & Rendsburg, G. A., 1997. The Bible and the Ancient Near East, New York.
Kitchen, K.A., 1995. The patriarchal age: myth of history? Biblical Archaeology Review 21:48-57, 88-95.
Pettinato, G., 1981. The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay, New York.
Roberts, J.J.M., 1972. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon, Baltimore.
The Cataclysm – more than a flood
Austin, S.A. (ed.), 1994. Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe, Institute for Creation Research, Santee, Ca.
Beyer, B.E., 1997. 5078 ma’yan. In: W. A. VanGemeren (ed.), The New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis, Grand Rapids, Mi, vol. 2, pp 1018-19.
Craigie, P.C., 1983. Psalms 1-50, Waco, Tx, p. 210. Craigie references Ras Shamra Parallels, ed. L. Fisher, vol. 1, p 203.
Dahood, M., 1966. Psalms I, Garden City, NY.
Dahood, M., 1970. Psalms III, Garden City, NY.
Fouts, D.M., Wise, K.P., 1998. Blotting out and breaking up: miscellaneous Hebrew studies in geocatastrophism. In: R. E. Walsh (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creationism, Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pa., pp 217-28.
Hasel, G.F., 1974. The fountains of the great deep, Origins (Loma Linda) 1:67-72.
Hasel, G. F., 1978. Some issues regarding the nature and universality of the Genesis flood narrative, Origins 5:83-98.
Lambert, W.G. & Millard, A. R., 1969. Atra-hasis, the Babylonian Story of the Flood, Oxford.
Longman III, T., 1997. Literary approaches and interpretation. In: W. A. VanGemeren (ed.), op. cit., pp 103-24.
Seely, P.H., 1997. The geographical meaning of ‘earth’ and ‘seas’ in Gen 1:10, Westminster Theological Journal 59:231-55.
Tsumura, D.T., 1989. The Earth and the Waters in Genesis 1 and 2, Sheffield.
Van Dam, C., 1997. 4681 mhh. In: W. A. VanGemeren (ed.), op. cit. Grand Rapids, Mi., vol. 10, pp 913-14.
Weinfeld, M., 1978. Genesis 7:11, 8:1-2 against the background of Ancient Near Eastern tradition, Die Welt des Orients 9:242-48.
Wenham, G.J., 1987. Genesis 1-15, Waco, Tx.
Barré, L. M., 1988. The riddle of the Flood chronology, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 41:3-20.
Cryer, F.H., 1985. The interrelationships of Gen 5.32; 11.10-11 and the chronology of the Flood (Gen 6-9). Biblica 66:241-61.
Dillmann, A, 1897. Genesis Critically and Exegetically Expounded, Edinburgh, vol. 1.
Emerton, J.A. 1988. An examination of some attempts to defend the unity of the Flood narrative in Genesis, Part II. Vetus Testamentum 38:1-21.
Kidner, D., 1967. Genesis, Leicester.
Lemche, N.P., 1980. The chronology in the story of the Flood, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 18:52-62.
Seely, P.H. 1997. The geographical meaning of ‘earth’ and ‘seas’ in Gen 1:10, Westminster Theological Journal 59:231-55.
Seidl, U., 1998. Das Flut-Ungeheuer abubu, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 88:100-13.
Tsumura, D.T., 1989. The Earth and the Waters in Genesis 1 and 2, Sheffield
Wenham, G.J., 1978. The coherence of the Flood narrative, Vetus Testamentum 28:336-48.
Wenham, G.J., 1987. Genesis 1-15, Word Biblical Commentary vol. 1, Waco, Texas.
Younger, L., 1990. Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History-Writing, Sheffield.
Brückner, H., 2003. Uruk – a geographic and palaeo-ecologic perspective on a famous ancient city in Mesopotamia, Geoöko 24: 229-48.
Dalley, S., 2000. Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford.
Nebuchadrezzar’s dream of a great image
Robinson, S.J., 1991/92. The chronology of Israel re-examined: The first millennium BC. Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 5, 89-98.
BOOKS
Books recommended as ‘essential readings‘ by the Discovery Institute.
Denyse O’Leary, 2004. By Design or by Chance?
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